About Google


Google

Google’s mission is to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful.

Google philosophy

Focus on the user and all else will follow.

Since the beginning, we’ve focused on providing the best user experience possible. Whether we’re designing a new Internet browser or a new tweak to the look of the homepage, we take great care to ensure that they will ultimately serve you, rather than our own internal goal or bottom line. Our homepage interface is clear and simple, and pages load instantly. Placement in search results is never sold to anyone, and advertising is not only clearly marked as such, it offers relevant content and is not distracting. And when we build new tools and applications, we believe they should work so well you don’t have to consider how they might have been designed differently.

It’s best to do one thing really, really well.

We do search. With one of the world’s largest research groups focused exclusively on solving search problems, we know what we do well, and how we could do it better. Through continued iteration on difficult problems, we’ve been able to solve complex issues and provide continuous improvements to a service that already makes finding information a fast and seamless experience for millions of people. Our dedication to improving search helps us apply what we’ve learned to new products, like Gmail and Google Maps. Our hope is to bring the power of search to previously unexplored areas, and to help people access and use even more of the ever-expanding information in their lives.

Fast is better than slow.

We know your time is valuable, so when you’re seeking an answer on the web you want it right away–and we aim to please. We may be the only people in the world who can say our goal is to have people leave our website as quickly as possible. By shaving excess bits and bytes from our pages and increasing the efficiency of our serving environment, we’ve broken our own speed records many times over, so that the average response time on a search result is a fraction of a second. We keep speed in mind with each new product we release, whether it’s a mobile application or Google Chrome, a browser designed to be fast enough for the modern web. And we continue to work on making it all go even faster.

Democracy on the web works.

Google search works because it relies on the millions of individuals posting links on websites to help determine which other sites offer content of value. We assess the importance of every web page using more than 200 signals and a variety of techniques, including our patented PageRank™ algorithm, which analyzes which sites have been “voted” to be the best sources of information by other pages across the web. As the web gets bigger, this approach actually improves, as each new site is another point of information and another vote to be counted. In the same vein, we are active in open source software development, where innovation takes place through the collective effort of many programmers.

You don’t need to be at your desk to need an answer.

The world is increasingly mobile: people want access to information wherever they are, whenever they need it. We’re pioneering new technologies and offering new solutions for mobile services that help people all over the globe to do any number of tasks on their phone, from checking email and calendar events to watching videos, not to mention the several different ways to access Google search on a phone. In addition, we’re hoping to fuel greater innovation for mobile users everywhere with Android, a free, open source mobile platform. Android brings the openness that shaped the Internet to the mobile world. Not only does Android benefit consumers, who have more choice and innovative new mobile experiences, but it opens up revenue opportunities for carriers, manufacturers and developers.

You can make money without doing evil.

Google is a business. The revenue we generate is derived from offering search technology to companies and from the sale of advertising displayed on our site and on other sites across the web. Hundreds of thousands of advertisers worldwide use AdWords to promote their products; hundreds of thousands of publishers take advantage of our AdSense program to deliver ads relevant to their site content. To ensure that we’re ultimately serving all our users (whether they are advertisers or not), we have a set of guiding principles for our advertising programs and practices:

· We don’t allow ads to be displayed on our results pages unless they are relevant where they are shown. And we firmly believe that ads can provide useful information if, and only if, they are relevant to what you wish to find–so it’s possible that certain searches won’t lead to any ads at all.

· We believe that advertising can be effective without being flashy. We don’t accept pop–up advertising, which interferes with your ability to see the content you’ve requested. We’ve found that text ads that are relevant to the person reading them draw much higher clickthrough rates than ads appearing randomly. Any advertiser, whether small or large, can take advantage of this highly targeted medium.

· Advertising on Google is always clearly identified as a “Sponsored Link,” so it does not compromise the integrity of our search results. We never manipulate rankings to put our partners higher in our search results and no one can buy better PageRank. Our users trust our objectivity and no short-term gain could ever justify breaching that trust.

There’s always more information out there.

Once we’d indexed more of the HTML pages on the Internet than any other search service, our engineers turned their attention to information that was not as readily accessible. Sometimes it was just a matter of integrating new databases into search, such as adding a phone number and address lookup and a business directory. Other efforts required a bit more creativity, like adding the ability to search news archives, patents, academic journals, billions of images and millions of books. And our researchers continue looking into ways to bring all the world’s information to people seeking answers.

The need for information crosses all borders.

Our company was founded in California, but our mission is to facilitate access to information for the entire world, and in every language. To that end, we have offices in more than 60 countries, maintain more than 180 Internet domains, and serve more than half of our results to people living outside the United States. We offer Google’s search interface in more than 130 languages, offer people the ability to restrict results to content written in their own language, and aim to provide the rest of our applications and products in as many languages and accessible formats as possible. Using our translation tools, people can discover content written on the other side of the world in languages they don’t speak. With these tools and the help of volunteer translators, we have been able to greatly improve both the variety and quality of services we can offer in even the most far–flung corners of the globe.

You can be serious without a suit.

Our founders built Google around the idea that work should be challenging, and the challenge should be fun. We believe that great, creative things are more likely to happen with the right company culture–and that doesn’t just mean lava lamps and rubber balls. There is an emphasis on team achievements and pride in individual accomplishments that contribute to our overall success. We put great stock in our employees–energetic, passionate people from diverse backgrounds with creative approaches to work, play and life. Our atmosphere may be casual, but as new ideas emerge in a café line, at a team meeting or at the gym, they are traded, tested and put into practice with dizzying speed–and they may be the launch pad for a new project destined for worldwide use.

Great just isn’t good enough.

We see being great at something as a starting point, not an endpoint. We set ourselves goals we know we can’t reach yet, because we know that by stretching to meet them we can get further than we expected. Through innovation and iteration, we aim to take things that work well and improve upon them in unexpected ways. For example, when one of our engineers saw that search worked well for properly spelled words, he wondered about how it handled typos. That led him to create an intuitive and more helpful spell checker.

Even if you don’t know exactly what you’re looking for, finding an answer on the web is our problem, not yours. We try to anticipate needs not yet articulated by our global audience, and meet them with products and services that set new standards. When we launched Gmail, it had more storage space than any email service available. In retrospect offering that seems obvious–but that’s because now we have new standards for email storage. Those are the kinds of changes we seek to make, and we’re always looking for new places where we can make a difference. Ultimately, our constant dissatisfaction with the way things are becomes the driving force behind everything we do.

About the Company Google

Google was founded in 1998

Founded

1998

Founders

Larry Page and Sergey Brin

Incorporation

September 4, 1998

Initial public offering (NASDAQ)

August 19, 2004

Headquarters

1600 Amphitheatre Parkway
Mountain View
CA 94043

When Larry met Sergey


Founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin met at Stanford University in 1995. By 1996, they had built a search engine (initially called BackRub) that used links to determine the importance of a individual webpages.

Google Inc.


Larry and Sergey named the search engine they built “Google,” a play on the word “googol,” the mathematical term for a 1 followed by 100 zeros. Google Inc. was born in 1998, when Sun co-founder Andy Bechtolsheim wrote a check for $100,000 to that entity—which until then didn’t exist.

Out of the office

Outstanding Google
The first “Google doodle” in 1998 was intended to let visitors to the homepage know that Google’s minders were offline at the Burning Man Festival in Nevada. There’s now a team of “doodlers” and we’ve posted more than 1,000 different doodles on homepages worldwide.

Do-It-Yourself ads

In 2000, we introduced AdWords, a self-service program for creating online ad campaigns. Today our advertising solutions, which include display, mobile and video ads as well as the simple text ads we introduced more than a decade ago, help thousands of businesses grow and be successful.

Gmail: no joke

On April Fools' Day in 2004, we launched Gmail. Our approach to email included features like speedy search, huge amounts of storage and threaded messages.

Gone public

Our Initial Public Offering of 19,605,052 shares of Class A common stock took place on Wall Street on August 18, 2004.

Location, location, location

We acquired digital mapping company Keyhole in 2004, and launched Google Maps and Google Earth in 2005. Today Maps also features live traffic, transit directions and street-level imagery, and Earth lets you explore the ocean and the moon.

Broadcast yourself

In 2006, we acquired online video sharing site YouTube. Today 60 hours of video are uploaded to the site every minute. Cat videos, citizen journalism, political candidacy and double rainbows have never been the same.

The little green robot arrives

Amidst rumors of a “Gphone,” we announced Android—an open platform for mobile devices—and the Open Handset Alliance, in 2007.

The comic heard ‘round the world

Word got out about Google Chrome a day ahead of schedule when a comic book introducing our new open source browser was shipped earlier than planned. We officially launched on September 2, 2008.

CEO and chairman

Larry Page, Google’s original CEO until 2001, took up the title again in April 2011. Eric Schmidt, now our executive chairman, served in the role for 10 years.

Google+

In June 2011, we introduced the Google+ project, aimed at bringing the nuance and richness of real-life sharing to the web, and making all of Google better by including people, their relationships and their interests.

Google Products

Web

Web Search

Search billions of web pages

Chrome

A browser built for speed, simplicity and security

Mobile

Mobile

Get Google products on your mobile phone

Media

Image Search

Search for images on the web

News

Search thousands of news stories

Home & Office

Docs

Create and share your online documents, presentations and spreadsheets

Translate

Instantly translate text, web pages, and files between over 50 languages

Social

Groups

Create mailing lists and discussion groups

Specialized Search

Blog Search

Find blogs on your favorite topics

Alerts

Get email updates on the topics of your choice

Scholar

Search scholarly papers

Innovation

Code

Developer tools, APIs and resources

Google Management

Larry Page and Sergey Brin founded Google in September 1998. Since then, the company has grown to more than 30,000 employees worldwide, with a management team that represents some of the most experienced technology professionals in the industry.

Executive Officers

Larry Page CEO

As Google’s chief executive officer, Larry is responsible for Google’s day-to-day-operations, as well as leading the company’s product development and technology strategy. He co-founded Google with Sergey Brin in 1998 while pursuing a Ph.D. at Stanford University, and was the first CEO until 2001—growing the company to more than 200 employees and profitability. From 2001 to 2011, Larry was president of products.

Larry holds a bachelor’s degree in engineering from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and a master’s degree in computer science from Stanford University. He is a member of the National Advisory Committee (NAC) of the University of Michigan College of Engineering, and together with co-founder Sergey Brin, Larry was honored with the Marconi Prize in 2004. He is a trustee on the board of the X PRIZE, and was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2004.

Eric E. Schmidt Executive Chairman

Since joining Google in 2001, Eric Schmidt has helped grow the company from a Silicon Valley startup to a global leader in technology. As executive chairman, he is responsible for the external matters of Google: building partnerships and broader business relationships, government outreach and technology thought leadership, as well as advising the CEO and senior leadership on business and policy issues.

From 2001-2011, Eric served as Google’s chief executive officer, overseeing the company’s technical and business strategy alongside founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page. Under his leadership, Google dramatically scaled its infrastructure and diversified its product offerings while maintaining a strong culture of innovation.

Prior to joining Google, Eric was the chairman and CEO of Novell and chief technology officer at Sun Microsystems, Inc. Previously, he served on the research staff at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), Bell Laboratories and Zilog. He holds a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering from Princeton University as well as a master’s degree and Ph.D. in computer science from the University of California, Berkeley.

Eric is a member of the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology and the Prime Minister’s Advisory Council in the U.K. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2006 and inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences as a fellow in 2007. He also chairs the board of the New America Foundation, and since 2008 has been a trustee of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey.

Sergey Brin Co-Founder



Sergey Brin co-founded Google Inc. in 1998. Today, he directs special projects. From 2001 to 2011, Sergey served as president of technology, where he shared responsibility for the company’s day-to-day operations with Larry Page and Eric Schmidt.

Sergey received a bachelor’s degree with honors in mathematics and computer science from the University of Maryland at College Park. He is currently on leave from the Ph.D. program in computer science at Stanford University, where he received his master’s degree. Sergey is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and a recipient of a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship.

He has published more than a dozen academic papers, including Extracting Patterns and Relations from the World Wide Web; Dynamic Data Mining: A New Architecture for Data with High Dimensionality, which he published with Larry Page;Scalable Techniques for Mining Casual Structures; Dynamic Itemset Counting and Implication Rules for Market Basket Data; and Beyond Market Baskets: Generalizing Association Rules to Correlations.

Nikesh Arora Senior Vice President and Chief Business Officer

Nikesh oversees all revenue and customer operations, as well as marketing and partnerships. Since joining Google in 2004, he has held several positions with the company. Most recently, he led Google’s global direct sales operations. He also developed and managed the company’s operations in the European, Middle Eastern and African markets and was responsible for creating and expanding strategic partnerships in those regions for the benefit of Google’s growing number of users and advertisers.

Prior to joining Google, he was chief marketing officer and a member of the management board at T-Mobile Europe. While there, he spearheaded all product development, terminals, brand and marketing activities of T-Mobile Europe. In 1999, he started working with Deutsche Telekom and founded T-Motion PLC, a mobile multimedia subsidiary of T-Mobile International. Prior to joining Deutsche Telekom, Nikesh held management positions at Putnam Investments and Fidelity Investments in Boston.

Nikesh holds a master’s degree from Boston College and an MBA from Northeastern University, both of which were awarded with distinction. He also holds the CFA designation. In 1989, Nikesh graduated from the Institute of Technology in Varanasi, India with a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering.

David C. Drummond Senior Vice President, Corporate Development and Chief Legal Officer

David Drummond joined Google in 2002, initially as vice president of corporate development. Today as senior vice president and chief legal officer, he leads Google’s global teams for legal, government relations, corporate development (M&A and investment projects) and new business development (strategic partnerships and licensing opportunities).

David was first introduced to Google in 1998 as a partner in the corporate transactions group at Wilson Sonsini Goodrich and Rosati, one of the nation’s leading law firms representing technology businesses. He served as Google’s first outside counsel and worked with Larry Page and Sergey Brin to incorporate the company and secure its initial rounds of financing. During his tenure at Wilson Sonsini, David worked with a wide variety of technology companies to help them manage complex transactions such as mergers, acquisitions and initial public offerings.

David earned his bachelor’s degree in history from Santa Clara University and his JD from Stanford Law School.

Patrick Pichette Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Patrick Pichette is Google’s chief financial officer. He has nearly 20 years of experience in financial operations and management in the telecommunications sector, including seven years at Bell Canada, which he joined in 2001 as executive vice president of planning and performance management. During his time at Bell Canada, he held various executive positions, including CFO from 2002 until the end of 2003, and was instrumental in the management of the most extensive communications network in Canada and its ongoing migration to a new national IP-based infrastructure. Prior to joining Bell Canada, Patrick was a partner at McKinsey & Company, where he was a lead member of McKinsey’s North American Telecom Practice. He also served as vice president and chief financial officer of Call-Net Enterprises Inc., a Canadian telecommunications company.

Patrick has been a member of the board of directors of Amyris, Inc., a synthetic biology company, since March 2010, and serves on its Audit Committee and Leadership Development and Compensation Committee. He also serves on the board of Trudeau Foundation. Patrick earned a bachelor’s degree in business administration from Université du Québec à Montréal. He holds a master’s degree in philosophy, politics and economics from Oxford University, where he attended as a Rhodes Scholar.

Senior Leadership

Alan Eustace

Senior Vice President, Knowledge

Amit Singhal

Senior Vice President and Google Fellow

Andy Rubin

Senior Vice President, Mobile and Digital Content

Dennis Woodside

Senior Vice President

Jeff Huber

Senior Vice President, Geo and Commerce

Kent Walker

Senior Vice President and General Counsel

Laszlo Bock

Senior Vice President, People Operations

Rachel Whetstone

Senior Vice President, Communications and Public Policy

Salar Kamangar

Senior Vice President, YouTube and Video

Shona Brown

Senior Vice President, Google.org

Sridhar Ramaswamy

Senior Vice President, Engineering

Sundar Pichai

Senior Vice President, Chrome and Apps

Susan Wojcicki

Senior Vice President, Advertising

Urs Hoelzle

Senior Vice President, Technical Infrastructure, and Google Fellow

Vic Gundotra

Senior Vice President, Engineering

Board of Directors

Larry Page, CEO  read Larry's profile

Sergey Brin, Co-Founder  read Sergey's profile

Eric E. Schmidt, Executive Chairman  read Eric's profile

L. John Doerr has served as a member of our board of directors since May 1999. John has been a General Partner of Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, a venture capital firm, since August 1980. John has also been a member of the board of directors of Amyris, Inc., a synthetic biology company, since May 2006, and serves on its nominating and governance committee. John was previously a director of Amazon.com, Inc., an internet retail company, from 1996 to 2010; Intuit Inc., a provider of business and financial management solutions, from 1990 to 2007; and Move, Inc., a provider of real estate media and technology solutions, from 1998 to 2008. John holds a Master of Business Administration degree from Harvard Business School, and a Master of Science degree in electrical engineering and computer science, and a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering from Rice University.
More about L. John Doerr »
Diane B. Greene has served as a member of our board of directors since January 2012. Diane has also been a member of the board of directors of Intuit Inc., a provider of business and financial management solutions, since August 2006 and serves on its audit and risk committee and nominating and corporate governance committee. Diane co-founded VMware, Inc., a provider of virtualization and virtualization-based cloud infrastructure solutions, in 1998 and took the company public in 2007. She served as Chief Executive Officer and President of VMware from 1998 to 2008, as a member of the board of directors of VMware from 2007 to 2008, and as an Executive Vice President of EMC Corporation, a provider of information infrastructure and virtual infrastructure technologies, solutions and services, from 2005 to 2008. Prior to VMware, Diane held technical leadership positions at Silicon Graphics Inc., a provider of technical computing, storage and data center solutions, Tandem Computers, Inc., a manufacturer of computer systems, and Sybase Inc., a global enterprise software and services company, and was Chief Executive Officer of VXtreme, Inc., a developer of streaming media solutions. Diane is also a member of The MIT Corporation, the governing body of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Diane holds a Master of Science degree in computer science from the University of California, Berkeley, a Master of Science degree in naval architecture from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and a Bachelor of Arts degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Vermont.
John L. Hennessy has served as a member of our board of directors since April 2004, and as Lead Independent Director since April 2007. John has served as the President of Stanford University since September 2000. From 1994 to August 2000, John held various positions at Stanford, including Dean of the Stanford University School of Engineering and Chair of the Stanford University Department of Computer Science. John has also been a member of the board of directors of Cisco Systems, Inc., a networking equipment company, since January 2002, and serves on its nominating and governance committee and acquisition committee. John co-founded and served as the chairman of the board of directors of Atheros Communications, Inc., a wireless semiconductor company, from 1998 to 2010. John holds a Doctoral degree and a Master of Science degree in computer science from the State University of New York, Stony Brook, and a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering from Villanova University.
More about John L. Hennessy »
Ann Mather has served as a member of our board of directors since November 2005. Ann has also been a member of the board of directors of: Glu Mobile Inc., a publisher of mobile games, since September 2005; MGM Holdings Inc., a motion picture and television production and distribution company, since December 2010, and serves on its compensation committee; MoneyGram International, Inc., a global payment services company, since May 2010; Netflix, Inc., an internet subscription service for movies and television shows, since July 2010, and serves on its audit committee; and Solazyme, Inc., a renewable oil and bioproducts company, since April 2011, and serves as chair of its audit committee. Ann has also been an independent trustee to the Dodge & Cox Funds board of trustees since May 2011. Ann was previously a director of Central European Media Enterprises Group, a developer and operator of national commercial television channels and stations in Central and Eastern Europe, from 2004 to 2009. From 1999 to 2004, Ann was Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Pixar, a computer animation studio. Prior to her service at Pixar, Ann was Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer at Village Roadshow Pictures, the film production division of Village Roadshow Limited. Ann holds a Master of Arts degree from Cambridge University in England and is a chartered accountant.
Paul S. Otellini has served as a member of our board of directors since April 2004. Paul has served as the Chief Executive Officer and President of Intel Corporation, a semiconductor manufacturing company, since May 2005. Paul has been a member of the board of directors of Intel since 2002. He also served as Intel’s Chief Operating Officer from 2002 to May 2005. From 1974 to 2002, Paul held various positions at Intel, including Executive Vice President and General Manager, Intel Architecture Group, and Executive Vice President and General Manager, Sales and Marketing Group. Paul holds a Master of Business Administration degree from the University of California, Berkeley, and a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics from the University of San Francisco.
More about Paul S. Otellini »
K. Ram Shriram has served as a member of our board of directors since September 1998. Ram has been a managing partner of Sherpalo Ventures, LLC, an angel venture investment company, since January 2000. From August 1998 to September 1999, Ram served as Vice President of Business Development at Amazon.com, Inc., an internet retail company. Prior to that, Ram served as President at Junglee Corporation, a provider of database technology, which was acquired by Amazon.com in 1998. Ram was an early member of the executive team at Netscape Communications Corporation. Ram is also on the board of trustees of Stanford University. Ram holds a Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics from the University of Madras, India.
More about K. Ram Shriram »
Shirley M. Tilghman has served as a member of our board of directors since October 2005. Shirley has served as the President of Princeton University since June 2001. From August 1986 to June 2001, she served as a Professor at Princeton University, and from August 1988 to June 2001, as an Investigator at Howard Hughes Medical Institute. In 1998, she took the role as founding director of Princeton’s multi-disciplinary Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics. Shirley holds a Doctoral degree in biochemistry from Temple University, and a Bachelor of Science degree with honors in chemistry from Queen’s University.
More about Shirley M. Tilghman »
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Frequently Asked Questions...

FAQ WHICH MATTERS………

PHP FAQ FOR BEGINNERS


What is PHP?

PHP is an HTML-embedded scripting language. Much of its syntax is borrowed from C, Java and Perl with a couple of unique PHP-specific features thrown in. The goal of the language is to allow web developers to write dynamically generated pages quickly.

What does PHP stand for?

PHP stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor. This confuses many people because the first word of the acronym is the acronym. This type of acronym is called a recursive acronym. For more information, the curious can visit » Free On-Line Dictionary of Computing or the » Wikipedia entry on recursive acronyms.

What is the relation between the versions?

PHP/FI 2.0 is an early and no longer supported version of PHP. PHP 3 is the successor to PHP/FI 2.0 and is a lot nicer. PHP 5 is the current generation of PHP, which uses the » Zend engine 2 which, among other things, offers many additional OOP features.

Can I run several versions of PHP at the same time?

Yes. See the INSTALL file that is included in the PHP source distribution.

What are the differences between PHP 4 and PHP 5?

While PHP 5 was purposely designed to be as compatible as possible with previous versions, there are some significant changes. Some of these changes include:
  • A new OOP model based on the Zend Engine 2.0
  • A new extension for improved MySQL support
  • Built-in native support for SQLite
  • A new error reporting constant, E_STRICT, for run-time code suggestions
  • A host of new functions to simplify code authoring (and reduce the need to write your own functions for many common procedures)
For more detailed information, please view the section on Migrating from PHP 4 to PHP 5 and the section on Backwards Incompatible Changes.

Where can I obtain PHP?

You can download PHP from any of the members of the PHP network of sites. These can be found at » http://www.php.net/. You can also use anonymous SVN to get the absolute latest version of the source. For more information, go to » http://php.net/svn.php.

Are pre-compiled binary versions available?

We only distribute precompiled binaries for Windows systems, as we are not able to compile PHP for every major Linux/Unix platform with every extension combination. Also note, that many Linux distributions come with PHP built in these days. Windows binaries can be downloaded from our » Downloads page, for Linux binaries, please visit your distribution's website.

What does thread safety mean when downloading PHP?

Thread Safety means that binary can work in a multithreaded web server context, such as Apache 2 on Windows. Thread Safety works by creating a local storage copy in each thread, so that the data won't collide with another thread.
So what do I choose? If you choose to run PHP as a CGI binary, then you won't need thread safety, because the binary is invoked at each request. For multithreaded web servers, such as IIS5 and IIS6, you should use the threaded version of PHP.

PHP vs. ASP?

ASP is not really a language in itself, but an acronym for Active Server Pages; the actual languages used to program ASP include Visual Basic Script, JScript, and C#, among others. The biggest drawback of ASP is that it's a proprietary system that is natively used only on the Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS) platform. This limits its availability to Win32 based servers. There are a couple of projects in the works that allows ASP to function with other environments and web servers: » InstantASP from » Halcyon (commercial), Chili!Soft ASP from » Chili!Soft (commercial), and » Mono (open-source). ASP is said to be a slower and more cumbersome language than PHP, with less overall stability. One of the pro's of ASP is that, since it primarily uses VBScript, it's relatively easy to pick up the language if you're already proficient in Visual Basic. ASP support is also enabled by default in IIS, making it easy to get up and running. However, the components built in ASP are really limited, so if you need to use "advanced" features (like interacting with FTP servers), you'll need to buy additional components.

PHP vs. ColdFusion?

PHP is commonly said to be faster and more efficient for complex programming tasks and trying out new ideas, and is considered by many to be more stable and less resource-intensive as well. While ColdFusion once had better error handling, database abstraction, and date parsing, the database abstraction shortfalls were addressed in PHP 4. A particular quality that is listed as one of ColdFusion's strengths is its excellent search engine, but many strong arguments suggest that a search engine is not something that should be included in a web scripting language. Further, PHP runs on nearly every modern platform in existence, while Cold Fusion is only available on Windows, Solaris, Linux, MacOS, and AIX. Cold Fusion has a good IDE and is generally quicker for new programmers to achieve results for very simple applications, whereas PHP initially requires more programming knowledge. Cold Fusion is designed with non-programmers in mind, while PHP is focused on programmers.

PHP vs. Perl?

The biggest advantage of PHP over Perl is that PHP was designed for scripting for the web, while Perl was designed to do a lot more. Because of this, Perl can get very complicated. The flexibility / complexity of Perl can make it difficult for developers of varying skill levels to collaborate. PHP has a less-confusing and stricter format without losing flexibility. PHP is also easier to integrate into existing HTML than Perl. In large part, PHP has all the 'good' functionality of Perl - constructs, syntax, et cetera - without making it as complicated as Perl can be. Yet PHP's command-line interpreter (CLI) is powerful enough to perform high-level tasks much in the same way Perl has been traditionally employed. Perl is a very tried and true language, and has stood its ground since the 1980's, but PHP has matured and evolved quickly, and continues to make fantastic progress.

PEARL FAQ FOR BEGINNERS

What is Perl?

Perl is a high-level programming language with an eclectic heritage written by Larry Wall and a cast of thousands.
Perl's process, file, and text manipulation facilities make it particularly well-suited for tasks involving quick prototyping, system utilities, software tools, system management tasks, database access, graphical programming, networking, and web programming.
Perl derives from the ubiquitous C programming language and to a lesser extent from sed, awk, the Unix shell, and many other tools and languages.
These strengths make it especially popular with web developers and system administrators. Mathematicians, geneticists, journalists, managers and many other people also use Perl.

Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it free?

The original culture of the pre-populist Internet and the deeply-held beliefs of Perl's author, Larry Wall, gave rise to the free and open distribution policy of Perl. Perl is supported by its users. The core, the standard Perl library, the optional modules, and the documentation you're reading now were all written by volunteers.
The core development teams (known as the Perl Porters) are a group of highly altruistic individuals committed to producing better software for free than you could hope to purchase for money. You may snoop on pending developments via the archives or read the faq, or you can subscribe to the mailing list by sending perl5-porters-subscribe@perl.org a subscription request (an empty message with no subject is fine).
While the GNU project includes Perl in its distributions, there's no such thing as "GNU Perl". Perl is not produced nor maintained by the Free Software Foundation. Perl's licensing terms are also more open than GNU software's tend to be.
You can get commercial support of Perl if you wish, although for most users the informal support will more than suffice. See the answer to "Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl?" for more information.

What is Perl 4, Perl 5, or Perl 6?

In short, Perl 4 is the parent to both Perl 5 and Perl 6. Perl 5 is the older sibling, and though they are different languages, someone who knows one will spot many similarities in the other.
The number after Perl (i.e. the 5 after Perl 5) is the major release of the perl interpreter as well as the version of the language. Each major version has significant differences that earlier versions cannot support.
The current major release of Perl is Perl 5, first released in 1994. It can run scripts from the previous major release, Perl 4 (March 1991), but has significant differences.
Perl 6 is a reinvention of Perl, it is a language in the same lineage but not compatible. The two are complementary, not mutually exclusive. Perl 6 is not meant to replace Perl 5, and vice versa.

What is Perl 6?

Perl 6 was originally described as the community's rewrite of Perl 5. Development started in 2002; syntax and design work continue to this day. As the language has evolved, it has become clear that it is a separate language, incompatible with Perl 5 but in the same language family.
Contrary to popular belief, Perl 6 and Perl 5 peacefully coexist with one another. Perl 6 has proven to be a fascinating source of ideas for those using Perl 5 (the Moose object system is a well-known example). There is overlap in the communities, and this overlap fosters the tradition of sharing and borrowing that have been instrumental to Perl's success. The current leading implementation of Perl 6 is Rakudo, and you can learn more about it at http://rakudo.org.
If you want to learn more about Perl 6, or have a desire to help in the crusade to make Perl a better place then read the Perl 6 developers page at http://www.perl6.org/ and get involved.

Is Perl difficult to learn?

No, Perl is easy to start learning --and easy to keep learning. It looks like most programming languages you're likely to have experience with, so if you've ever written a C program, an awk script, a shell script, or even a BASIC program, you're already partway there.
Most tasks only require a small subset of the Perl language. One of the guiding mottos for Perl development is "there's more than one way to do it" (TMTOWTDI, sometimes pronounced "tim toady"). Perl's learning curve is therefore shallow (easy to learn) and long (there's a whole lot you can do if you really want).
Finally, because Perl is frequently (but not always, and certainly not by definition) an interpreted language, you can write your programs and test them without an intermediate compilation step, allowing you to experiment and test/debug quickly and easily. This ease of experimentation flattens the learning curve even more.
Things that make Perl easier to learn: Unix experience, almost any kind of programming experience, an understanding of regular expressions, and the ability to understand other people's code. If there's something you need to do, then it's probably already been done, and a working example is usually available for free. Don't forget Perl modules, either. They're discussed in Part 3 of this FAQ, along with CPAN, which is discussed in Part 2.

How does Perl compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX, Scheme, or Tcl?

Perl can be used for almost any coding problem, even ones which require integrating specialist C code for extra speed. As with any tool it can be used well or badly. Perl has much strength, and a few weaknesses, precisely which areas are good and bad is often a personal choice.
When choosing a language you should also be influenced by the resources, testing culture and community which surrounds it.
For comparisons to a specific language it is often best to create a small project in both languages and compare the results, make sure to use all the resources of each language, as a language is far more than just it's syntax.

Can I do [task] in Perl?

Perl is flexible and extensible enough for you to use on virtually any task, from one-line file-processing tasks to large, elaborate systems.
For many people, Perl serves as a great replacement for shell scripting. For others, it serves as a convenient, high-level replacement for most of what they'd program in low-level languages like C or C++. It's ultimately up to you (and possibly your management) which tasks you'll use Perl for and which you won't.
If you have a library that provides an API, you can make any component of it available as just another Perl function or variable using a Perl extension written in C or C++ and dynamically linked into your main perl interpreter. You can also go the other direction, and write your main program in C or C++, and then link in some Perl code on the fly, to create a powerful application. See perlembed.
That said, there will always be small, focused, special-purpose languages dedicated to a specific problem domain that are simply more convenient for certain kinds of problems. Perl tries to be all things to all people, but nothing special to anyone. Examples of specialized languages that come to mind include prolog and matlab.

When shouldn't I program in Perl?

One good reason is when you already have an existing application written in another language that's all done (and done well), or you have an application language specifically designed for a certain task (e.g. prolog, make).
If you find that you need to speed up a specific part of a Perl application (not something you often need) you may want to use C, but you can access this from your Perl code with perlxs.

What's the difference between "perl" and "Perl"?

"Perl" is the name of the language. Only the "P" is capitalized. The name of the interpreter (the program which runs the Perl script) is "perl" with a lowercase "p".
You may or may not choose to follow this usage. But never write "PERL", because perl is not an acronym.
For more Perl faq visit: www.perldoc.perl.org

3D ANIMATION FAQ BEGINNER

What is 3D? And what are the different applications of 3D?

3D is a term used for describing software that can create 3 dimensional imagery in animations that has now become very popular especially with block buster movies such as Toy Story, Jurassic Park, Lord of the Rings, Finding Nemo, Spiderman and many others. 3D is also used to describe the effect you see in the IMAX screens made popular with the movie Avatar.
3D content is also used in the video game industry such as the Xbox, Playstation and Nintendo consoles to name a few. Architectural companies use the term 3D to describe 3D visualizations and fly throughs of client homes.
3D content is created with a computer and software such as 3DS Max, Maya, Revit and AutoCAD. The final animations (movie files) can be transferred from the computer to other mediums such as film, video tape, CD's, DVD's and can also be published on the internet. The still images can be printed for magazines and physical models can be produced using a 3D printer.

Do I need programing skills to learn 3D?

Not at all. 3D animation programs are user-friendly applications that design resemble programs like Word, Paint, PowerPoint, Flash or Photoshop but are much more complex. The applications use the familiar mouse/windows/icons interface-just click and create.

Do I need to be an artist?

It depends on which specific area of 3D you want to focus on. In some areas of specialization prior artistic skills are very important, and in others they are not. The 3D animation software is so advanced today that it also provides you with tools and libraries of 3D models, textures, and animation files and with some experience you can create stunning scenes and images. We have people from all walks of life taking our courses, from students to professionals in diverse fields such as accountants, programmers, engineers and even people holding doctorate degrees, who either want to use 3D in their existing profession or want a change in their careers.

Triathlete FAQ’s Beginner

What is the minimum equipment I need to race?

At minimum, you will need a pair of swim goggles, a bike, a helmet, a pair of running shoes, and a USAT license (one-day or annual).

Do I need to purchase an annual USAT license?

No, you will however be required to purchase a one day license for $12 for your race. An annual license costs $45 for adults and $15 for youth (anyone under the age of 16). This is your insurance during the race.

Do I need bike shoes and pedals?

No, you can wear your running shoes throughout your race. Having cycling shoes improves efficiency and helps prevent injury.

What should I eat before my race?

You should eat breakfast. Protein rich foods and carbs are always good for a pre-race meal. However if it is not something you would normally eat, do not try it on race day.

Do I have to have a tri/road bike?

No, any bike (mountain, road or tri) you have will work. The best bike is one that fits properly and you are comfortable riding.

Do I have to wear a helmet?

Yes, you are required by USAT to wear a CPSC approved helmet at all times (before, during and after the event) while on the bike, failure to do so will result in disqualification. You must also keep the chin strap fastened while on the bike. Volunteers will check helmets as you arrive for check in. The inside of your helmet you should be able to find a sticker that has the letter “CPSC” on it, if it does not it is not an approved helmet. Most helmets purchased in the US are approved.

What is my “race age”?

Your “race age” is your age as of December 31 of the current year.

What will get checked when I arrive at my race?

As you walk into the transition area, your helmet will be check to make sure it is CPSC legal and your bike will be checked for bar ends (covers the end of the handlebars). You are required to have bar ends on your bike.

Do I have to wear tri specific clothing?

You are not required to, however tri clothing is designed to dry quickly after your swim and wick away sweat during your bike and run.

SEO FAQ Beginners

What is PageRank?

PageRank is a score given by Google to each web page (not site) on a 0-10 logarithmic scale that is used as one (amongst many others) of the parameters for building the Search Engine Results Pages (SERPs). This score is calculated using an incremental mathematical algorithm.
Basically, at increment 0, each page starts with the same amount of pagerank. Then between each step, the new PR of each page is calculated depending on the amount of links to this page in Google’s index, on their respective PRs, and on the number of links on these pages. The algorithm eventually converges, which gives the PR one can see on the Google toolbar.
The PR is used as an indicator of a site's importance. The more important (read, high PR) sites link to you, the higher your PR.
Note that PR is logarithmic, meaning that a link from a PR8 page will be equivalent for hundreds of PR3 links.
Note as well that PR is only one in many factors influencing your site's rankings, others including, on-page content, and inbound links anchor text. A high PR without a well-thought keyword strategy may not bring much traffic.
Note finally that the PR you see on the toolbar is updated only once in a while (it's generally a couple weeks/months out of date), and that it is rounded down (the number not changing does not mean your actual PR did not change).

What to do to improve my PageRank?

Get more links to your site! The more links you get, from pages with PR as high as possible, and with as less on-page links as possible, the higher your PR will get. Using the command link:www.yoursite.com in Google will show you some of the sites linking to you (it is generally considered only sites with PR>=4 are listed).
You can get links to your site by submitting it to directories (see below), exchanging links with other webmasters, or by generally having a quality site and promoting it a little bit so that people naturally link to you (whatever link exchange networks may say, this is the most efficient).

Why does googlebot only visit the home page?

This pattern is often seen for very new sites. Basically googlebot finds your home page, gives it PR0, gets back to it a few times, than it will give it a PR, go one level deeper in your site (giving PR0 to all newly found pages), and so on. The deepness of googlebot's crawl depends of your home page's PR. Get more links, and you will get more pages indexed as well. Again, be patient!

What to do to improve my rankings in search engines?

1. First, build content. Without content you won't go anywhere. For the special case of a forum, that means get members, activity, and interesting discussions. You may think about adding content pages if your site is forum only.

2. Then the second step is to think about what searches you would like to rank high on. The keywords you will choose need to be relevant, and to be searched for (check out the resources section to see keyword popularity tools).
It's useless to rank well for an irrelevant term, or for a term that nobody searches.
Remember that the most searched terms are not necessarily the best ones for you though. They are much harder to perform well on and sometimes not the best for your site (an ecommerce site selling mountain bikes should probably target "discount mountain bikes" or "buy mountain bikes" rather than "bikes").

3. Optimize your on-page content. You have built quality content, cool, now optimize it for the keywords you have chosen. Most importantly, your keywords should be present in your page title. While you can neglect the other Meta tags, title is very important, both in the eyes of the rankings algorithm and in those of the user looking at the SERPs. The second important on-page factor is internal links. Anchor text of links to a page is one of the most important parameters in the rankings algorithm, so don't waste the fact that you can choose the anchor text of all your internal links. Of course you cannot choose your forum's topics title, but you can choose your home page and your various forums title and anchor text, so choose them wisely. Also, remove additional text in topic titles than just the title (like "powered by whatever forum software" and such).

4. Make sure your pages are indexable. Hide session IDs from robots, do not use JavaScript links, if your site has thousands of content pages, and create a site map.

5. Build more content! Gets your community growing!

6. Get links to your site. As much as possible, try to make those links have your keywords in their anchor text.

7. Get more links to your site.

8. Be patient.

Do I need to submit my site to search engines?

Not really, although that won't hurt. You won't rank well if you don't have links to your site, and you will be found if you do. So getting inbound links is the best submission you can do.

Where can I find people to exchange links with?

To be able to exchange links, you'll need a links section (obvious but well...). Go to sites related to your topic, and kindly introduce your site, why it is relevant to their own topic, then suggest a link exchange. You may be much more successful if you visit sites that don't have themselves a forum for their visitors to discuss. You may even offer them a dedicated area in your forum if they seem to get high traffic.

How to get more pages from my forum indexed?

Remove session IDs from URLs for guests (and therefore search engine robots), and do not require cookies to be enabled. I think most forum software I know of can achieve this through a mod/hack when it's not built in. This is the most important; if you leave SIDs robots won't get further than one or two levels.
If you have access to mod_rewrite, and a search-engine friendly URLs hack is available for your software, install it. Robots are getting better at indexing dynamic URLs; still they go much further and faster when the URLs look static.
Alternatively, an archive hack/mod may provide some results (although I'm not a big fan of it since it duplicates pages).
Have your forum readable by guests. Registration-only forums are not only bad for getting new members, they're also pretty bad for bringing search engine traffic to your site.

What should I not do for SEO?

Do not go to link farms, do not use blind link exchange services, do not use spam techniques (hidden text, cloaking pages etc.etc.), do not link to "bad neighborhood" (pages using such techniques).
More generally, never do anything for SEO that will lower the quality of your users' experience.

Still not working, what can I do?

Be patient! It takes time to rank well for traffic terms. Not 2 days, not 2 weeks. On-page changes may take any time up to two months before being taken into account in the rankings algorithm (even if showing up in the cache before that), and sidewise changes may often take several months before you can see their actual effect.

Finally, don't forget that search engine marketing is only one way to promote your site. You can get a lot of visitors from links that are not good in search engines terms but great in traffic exposure (like forum signatures). Search engine marketing is certainly not in all cases the most efficient way to promote a forum. Having a great community and having your users let it know around them will probably bring you more traffic.

Resources

About Pagerank

http://www.iprcom.com/papers/pagerank/


Finding keywords

http://www.wordtracker.com/
http://inventory.overture.com/d/sear...ry/suggestion/
http://www.digitalpoint.com/tools/suggestion/ (both combined)
http://www.searchguild.com/cgi-bin/difficulty.pl (tool giving an idea of the difficulty to rank high for a given kw, needs Google api key)
http://www.socengine.com/seo/tools/k...culty-tool.php (same but without the need for the api key)

Following a site's rankings

http://www.digitalpoint.com/tools/keywords/ (needs a Google api key)


Keyword density analyzer

http://www.ranks.nl/tools/spider.html (best one I’ve come across).


Get PR without a toolbar

http://www.top25web.com/pagerank.php


More tools

http://www.linkworth.com/tools/


General directories

http://dmoz.org/
http://dir.yahoo.com/
http://zeal.com/
http://www.bluefind.com/ (not free)
http://www.wowdirectory.com/
http://www.gimpsy.com/
http://www.webworldindex.com/
http://www.yeandi.com/
http://www.worldwidewub.org/


Forum directories

http://www.forumshowcase.com/
http://www.forum-directory.com/
http://www.forum-finder.com/
http://www.forumzilla.com/
http://www.forum-search.com/
http://www.forumsearch.tk/
http://www.forumsindex.net/
http://www.forumsinfo.com/
http://www.foruma-z.com/
http://www.forumrating.com/
http://www.ipbdirectory.com
http://www.phpbbdirectory.com
http://www.vbulletindirectory.com


Forum search engine

http://www.boardreader.com


Directory of directories (to find some dedicated to your topic)

http://www.isedb.com/

A directory of forum directories

http://www.forum-directories.com



Glossary of terms

http://www.seochat.com/c/a/Search-En...e-Optimization


Check various metrics

http://www.marketleap.com/siteindex/ (search engine saturation)
http://www.marketleap.com/publinkpop/ (link popularity)


Check on Google updates

http://www.rankpulse.com/
http://www.mcdar.net/dance/index.php


Forums where to ask further seo questions

http://www.theadminzone.com/forums/f...splay.php?f=19 http://www.theadminzone.com/forums/images/smilies/wink.gif
http://www.seochat.com/
http://www.highrankings.com/
http://www.sitepoint.com/forums/forumdisplay.php?f=3
http://www.webmasterworld.com/

WebNMS CLI API FAQ BEGENNER

What is WebNMS CLI API?

The WebNMS CLI API is a set of Java libraries, which enables you to build applications to manage network devices that support a Command Line Interface.

Which platforms does WebNMS CLI API support?

WebNMS CLI API is 100% pure Java based thus making it platform / OS independent. Product can be used in any operating system with the JDK distribution of that particular OS. We advertise support for Windows 98/2000/NT, Linux distributions and Solaris.

Where can WebNMS CLI API be used?

WebNMS CLI can be used in configuring and monitoring network devices such as routers, switches, debugging and running diagnostic commands to isolate the hardware problems, logging or notifying critical alarm conditions that could help the operator to take corrective action.

Does WebNMS CLI API have any user interface tools?

Yes. WebNMS CLI API packages a powerful set of GUI tools namely CLI Browser, Telnet Client Window and an example configuration application that assist users in performing various network management tasks.

What is the extent of scripting support in WebNMS CLI API ?

WebNMS CLI API provides extensive support for launching different types of scripts that can be used mostly for automating the routine device configuration tasks. By default, it provides implementations for executing the Python and BeanShell scripts. Facility to plug in other scripts is also available.

How does CLI API provide Serial communication support?

WebNMS CLI provides serial communication support with the Java Communication API. The protocol- independent CLI Transport Provider provides the necessary interfaces for serial communication.



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